Pannonia Superior () was a Roman province created from the division of Pannonia in 103 AD, its capital in Carnuntum. It overlapped in territory with modern-day Hungary, Croatia, Austria, Slovakia, and Slovenia.
History It was as governor of the province that Septimius Severus made his bid for the Roman Imperial throne in April 193 CE.
In 308 Emperor Diocletian chaired a historic meeting with his co-emperors Maximian and Galerius in Carnuntum, to solve the rising tensions within the Tetrarchy. Diocletian and Maximian were both present on 11 November 308, to see Galerius appoint Licinius to be Augustus in place of Valerius Severus, who had died at the hands of Maxentius. Galerius ordered Maximian, who had attempted to return to power after his own retirement, to step down permanently. At Carnuntum people begged Diocletian to return to the throne, to resolve the conflicts that had arisen through Constantine the Great's rise to power and Maxentius' usurpation.Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 31–32; Lenski, 65; Odahl, 90. Diocletian's reply: "If you could show the cabbage that I planted with my own hands to your emperor, he definitely wouldn't dare suggest that I replace the peace and happiness of this place with the storms of a never-satisfied greed."Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus 39.6.
Cities Some of the important cities in Upper Pannonia were: Vindobona (today Vienna in Austria) Siscia (today Sisak in Croatia) Iovia Botivo (today Ludbreg in Croatia) Aquae Balissae (today Daruvar in Croatia) Andautonia (today Ščitarjevo in Croatia) Halikan (today Sveti Martin na Muri in Croatia) Savaria (today Szombathely in Hungary) Scarbantia (today Sopron in Hungary) Arrabona (today Győr in Hungary) Poetovio (today Ptuj in Slovenia)
Later usage The northern part of the 8th-century Frankish March of Pannonia was also called Upper Pannonia. The name can be found even much later in a similar, but wider, meaning. E.g. Otto von Freising (Chron. 6, 15) uses it to refer to Austria (i.e. Austria proper) in the 12th century.
List of Roman governors Publius Metilius Nepos 106–107/8Unless otherwise noted, governors from 103 to 137 are taken from Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), pp. 281–362; 13 (1983), pp. 147–237 Lucius Minicius Natalis 113/114–117/118 Lucius Cornelius Latinianus c. 126Margaret Roxan and Paul Holder, Roman Military Diplomas IV, published as Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement, No. 82 (2003), pp. 463f Cornelius Proculus 130/131–133/134 Lucius Aelius Caesar 136–137 Titus Haterius Nepos 138Unless otherwise noted, governors from 137 to 179 are taken from Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), pp. 235–238 Lucius Sergius PaullusEck, "Sergius Paullus, der Liebhaber der Philosophie in Lucans Peregrinus Proteus", Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, 157 (2014), pp. 222f 139 – c. 142 Marcus Pontius Laelianus Larcius Sabinus c. 145 – c. 150 Claudius Maximus c. 150 – c. 155 Marcus Nonius Macrinus c. 159 – c. 162 Lucius Dasumius Tullius Tuscus c. 162 – c. 166 Marcus Iallus Bassus Fabius Valerianus c. 166 – c. 169 Gaius Julius Commodus Orfitianus c. 169 – c. 172 Sextus Quintilius Maximus c. 175 – c. 179 Gaius Vettius Sabinianus Julius Hospes between 182 and 191Legates for A.D. 182 to 238 are based on Paul M.M. Leunissen, Konsuln und konsulare in der zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander: 180–235 n. Chr. (Amsterdam: Verlag J.C. Gieben, 1989), pp. 258f Prastina Messalinus after 185 to 191 Septimius Severus 191–193 Lucius Fabius Clio 197 – c. 201 Tiberius Claudius Claudianus between 201 and 207 Egnatius Victor c. 207 Cassius Dio between 226 and 229
See also Pannonia Roman provinces Roman Empire
References
Sources Epitome de Caesaribus (translation) ca. 395. Barnes, Timothy D., Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981. Lenski, Noel. "The Reign of Constantine." In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, edited by Noel Lenski, 59–90. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Hardcover Paperback Odahl, Charles Matson. Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge, 2004. Hardcover Paperback
External links Unrv.com: Roman Empire — Pannonia Geocities.com: Map of Pannonia Superior