Marion Robert Morrison (May 26, 1907 – June 11, 1979), known professionally as John Wayne, was an American actor. Nicknamed "Duke", he became a popular icon through his starring roles in films which were produced during Hollywood's Golden Age, especially in Western and war movies. His career flourished from the silent film era of the 1920s to the American New Wave in the 1970s, as he appeared in a total of 179 film and television productions. He was among the top box-office draws for three decades, and appeared with many other important Hollywood stars of his era. In 1999, the American Film Institute selected Wayne as one of the greatest male stars of classic American cinema.
Wayne was born in Winterset, Iowa, but grew up in Southern California. After losing his football scholarship to the University of Southern California due to a bodysurfing accident, he began working for the Fox Film Corporation. He appeared mostly in small parts, but gained a leading role in Raoul Walsh's Western The Big Trail (1930), an early widescreen film epic that was a box-office failure. He played leading roles in numerous during the 1930s, most of them Westerns, without becoming a major name. John Ford's Stagecoach (1939) made Wayne a mainstream star, and he starred in 142 motion pictures altogether. According to biographer Ronald Davis, "John Wayne personified for millions the nation's frontier heritage".
Wayne's other roles in Westerns included a cattleman driving his herd on the Chisholm Trail in Red River (1948); a Civil War veteran whose niece is abducted by Comanches in The Searchers (1956); a troubled rancher competing with a lawyer (James Stewart) for a woman's hand in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962); and a cantankerous one-eyed marshal in True Grit (1969), for which he received the Academy Award for Best Actor. Wayne is also remembered for his roles in The Quiet Man (1952) with Maureen O'Hara; Rio Bravo (1959) with Dean Martin; and The Longest Day (1962). In his final screen performance, he starred as an aging gunfighter suffering from cancer in The Shootist (1976).
Wayne made his last public appearance at the Academy Awards ceremony on April 9, 1979,Duke, We're Glad We Knew You: John Wayne's Friends and Colleagues Remember His Remarkable life by Herb Fagen page 230; Retrieved February 13, 2016Easy Riders Raging Bulls: How the Sex-Drugs-And Rock 'N Roll Generation Saved Hollywood by Peter Biskind page 372; Retrieved February 13, 2016 and died of stomach cancer two months later.John Wayne Dies at 72 of Cancer Los Angeles Times June 12, 1979; Retrieved February 13, 2016 In 1980, he was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor of the United States.
Early life and education
Wayne was born as Marion Robert Morrison on May 26, 1907, at 224 South Second Street in Winterset, Iowa.Madison County, Iowa, birth certificate. The local paper, Winterset Madisonian, reported on page 4 of its May 30, 1907 edition that he weighed 13 lb (around 6 kg) at birth. Wayne later claimed that his middle name was changed from Robert to Michael when his parents decided to give the name Robert to their next son, but extensive research has found no record of a legal change. His legal name apparently remained Marion Robert Morrison throughout his life,Wayne, John, My Kingdom, unfinished draft autobiography, University of Texas Library. although his original name is almost always referred to as Marion Michael Morrison.
Wayne's father, Clyde Leonard Morrison (1884–1937), was the son of Marion Mitchell Morrison (1845–1915), a Union Army veteran of the American Civil War. His mother, Mary "Molly" Alberta Brown (1885–1970), was from Lancaster County, Nebraska. Wayne had Scottish, Scotch-Irish, English, and Irish ancestry. His great-great-grandfather Robert Morrison (b. 1782) left County Antrim, Ireland, with his mother, arriving in New York in 1799 and later settling in Adams County, Ohio. The Morrisons were originally from the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Wayne was raised Presbyterian.
The family moved to Palmdale, California, and in 1916 to Glendale, where they lived at 404 Isabel Street and his father worked as a pharmacist. Wayne attended Wilson Middle School and then Glendale Union High School, where he performed well in both sports and academics. He played on the school's football team and joined its debating team. He was president of the Latin Society and contributed to the school's newspaper sports column.
A local fireman on his route to school began calling him "Little Duke" because he was always accompanied by his large Airedale Terrier, Duke.Munn, Michael (2003). John Wayne: The Man Behind the Myth. London: Robson Books. p. 7. . Wayne preferred "Duke" to "Marion", and the nickname stayed with him. As a teenager, he worked in an ice-cream shop owned by a man who shod horses for Hollywood studios. He was active in the Order of DeMolay and was later inducted into its Hall of Fame. He played football for the 1924 league-champion Glendale High School team.
Wayne applied to the U.S. Naval Academy but was not accepted because of poor grades. He instead attended the University of Southern California (USC), majoring in pre-law. He was a member of the Trojan Knights and Sigma Chi fraternity. Standing at tall, he played on the USC Trojans football team under coach Howard Jones. A broken collarbone curtailed his athletic career, and Wayne later said he was too afraid of Jones's reaction to admit that the injury had occurred during a bodysurfing accident. He lost his athletic scholarship and, without funds, left the university.Shephard, Richard. Biography . JWayne.com. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
Career
Early works and first lead role As a favor to coach Jones, who had given silent Western film star Tom Mix tickets to USC games, director John Ford and Mix hired Wayne as a prop boy and extra. Wayne later credited his walk, talk, and persona to his acquaintance with Wyatt Earp, who was good friends with Mix. Wayne soon moved to bit parts, establishing a longtime friendship with Ford, who provided most of those roles. Early in this period, he had a minor, uncredited role as a guard in the 1926 film Bardelys the Magnificent. He also appeared with his USC teammates playing football in Brown of Harvard (1926), The Dropkick (1927), Salute (1929), and Columbia's Maker of Men (filmed in 1930, released in 1931). While working for Fox Film Corporation in bit roles, Wayne received on-screen credit as "Duke Morrison" only once, in Words and Music (1929). Director Raoul Walsh saw him moving studio furniture while working as a prop boy and cast him in his first starring role in The Big Trail (1930). Walsh suggested "Anthony Wayne" as a screen name, after Revolutionary War General "Mad" Anthony Wayne. Fox Studios chief Winfield Sheehan rejected it as sounding "too Italian". Walsh then suggested "John Wayne". Sheehan agreed, and the name was set. Wayne was not present for the discussion. His pay was raised to $105 a week.
The Big Trail was intended as the first big‑budget outdoor spectacle of the sound era, made at a then‑staggering cost of $1.25 million ($25.08 million equivalent in 2026), using hundreds of extras and wide vistas of the American Southwest, still largely unpopulated at the time. To take advantage of the scenery, it was filmed in two versions: a standard 35 mm version and another in the new 70 mm Grandeur film process, using an innovative camera and lenses. Many in the audience who saw it in Grandeur stood and cheered, but only a handful of theaters were equipped to show the film in its widescreen format, and the effort was largely wasted. The film was considered a major box‑office failure at the time, but later came to be highly regarded by modern critics.
Subsequent films and breakthrough
After the commercial failure of The Big Trail, Wayne was relegated to small roles in A pictures, including Columbia's The Deceiver (1931), in which he played a corpse. From 1932 to 1933, he starred in six B movie Westerns for Leon Schlesinger Productions and Warner Bros. Pictures. Wayne disliked their constant reuse of footage starring Ken Maynard and their extremely cheap production value, which reflected Schlesinger's focus on his more successful Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies animated film series.
Wayne appeared in the serial The Three Musketeers (1933), an updated version of the Alexandre Dumas novel in which the protagonists were soldiers in the French Foreign Legion in then-contemporary North Africa. He played the lead, with his name over the title, in many low-budget Poverty Row Westerns, mostly at Monogram Pictures, and in serials for Mascot Pictures Corporation. By Wayne's own estimation, he appeared in about 80 of these horse operas from 1930 to 1939.Clooney, p. 196. In Riders of Destiny (1933), he became one of the first singing cowboys of film, albeit via dubbing. He also appeared in some of the Three Mesquiteers Westerns, whose title was a play on the Dumas classic.
He was mentored by stuntmen in riding and other Western skills. Stuntman Yakima Canutt and Wayne developed and perfected stunts and onscreen fisticuffs techniques that are still in use.Canutt, Yakima; Drake, Oliver. Stuntman. University of Oklahoma Press, 1997, . One of Wayne's main innovations in these early Poverty Row Westerns was allowing heroes to fight as convincingly as villains, by not always making them fight clean. Wayne said, "Before I came along, it was standard practice that the hero must always fight clean. The heavy was allowed to hit the hero in the head with a chair or throw a kerosene lamp at him or kick him in the stomach, but the hero could only knock the villain down politely and then wait until he rose. I changed all that. I threw chairs and lamps. I fought hard and I fought dirty. I fought to win".
Wayne's second breakthrough role came with John Ford's Stagecoach (1939). Because of Wayne's B movie status and track record in low-budget Westerns throughout the 1930s, Ford had difficulty securing financing for what was intended as an A‑budget film. After rejection by all the major studios, Ford struck a deal with independent producer Walter Wanger in which Claire Trevor—a much bigger star at the time—received top billing. Stagecoach was a major critical and financial success, and Wayne became a mainstream star. Cast member Louise Platt later credited Ford as saying that Wayne would become the biggest star ever because of his appeal as the archetypal "everyman".Letter, Louise Platt to Ned Scott Archive, July 7, 2002 pp. 40:
1940s
America's entry into World War II brought widespread support for the war effort from all sectors of society, and Hollywood was no exception. Wayne was exempted from service due to his age (34 at the time of Pearl Harbor) and his family status (classified as 3-A, family deferment). He repeatedly wrote to Ford saying he wanted to enlist, at one point asking whether he could join Ford's military unit. Wayne did not attempt to prevent his reclassification as 1-A (draft eligible), but Republic Studios was strongly opposed to losing him, as he was their only A-list actor under contract. Herbert J. Yates, president of Republic, threatened Wayne with a lawsuit if he left his contract, and Republic Pictures intervened in the Selective Service process, requesting his further deferment.