July 14

Events Pre-1600 982 – King Otto II and his Frankish army are defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy. 1223 – Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II. 1420 – Battle of Vítkov Hill, decisive victory of Czech Hussite forces commanded by Jan Žižka against Crusade army led by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor. 1430 – Joan of Arc, taken by the Burgundians in May, is handed over to Pierre Cauchon, the bishop of Beauvais. 1456 – John Hunyadi and his forces defeat the Ottoman fleet on the Danube, allowing them to reinforce and supply the besieged city of Belgrade. 1596 – Anglo-Spanish War: English and Dutch troops sack the Spanish city of Cádiz before leaving the next day.

1601–1900

1769 – An expedition led by Gaspar de Portolá leaves its base in San Diego and sets out to find the Port of Monterey (now Monterey, California). 1771 – Foundation of the Mission San Antonio de Padua in modern California by the Franciscan friar Junípero Serra. 1789 – Storming of the Bastille in Paris. This event escalates the widespread discontent into the French Revolution. Bastille Day is still celebrated annually in France. 1790 – Inaugural Fête de la Fédération is held to celebrate the unity of the French people and the national reconciliation. 1791 – Beginning of Priestley Riots (to 17 July) in Birmingham targeting Joseph Priestley as a supporter of the French Revolution. 1798 – The Sedition Act of 1798 becomes law in the United States making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the United States government. 1808 – The Finnish War: the Battle of Lapua is fought. 1853 – Opening of the first major US world's fair, the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations in New York City. 1865 – The first ascent of the Matterhorn is completed by Edward Whymper and his party, four of whom die on the descent. 1874 – The Chicago Fire of 1874 burns down 47 acres of the city, destroying 812 buildings, killing 20, and resulting in the fire insurance industry demanding municipal reforms from Chicago's city council. 1881 – American outlaw Billy the Kid is shot and killed by Sheriff Pat Garrett in the Maxwell House at Fort Sumner, New Mexico. 1900 – Armies of the Eight-Nation Alliance capture Tientsin during the Boxer Rebellion.

1901–present 1902 – Peruvian explorer and farmer Agustín Lizárraga discovers Machu Picchu, the "Lost City of the Incas". 1902 – The Campanile in St Mark's Square, Venice collapses, also demolishing the loggetta. 1911 – Harry Atwood, an exhibition pilot for the Wright brothers, is greeted by president William Howard Taft after he lands his aeroplane on the South Lawn of the White House, having flown from Boston. 1915 – Beginning of the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence between Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and the British official Henry McMahon concerning the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire. 1916 – World War I: Battle of Delville Wood begins as an action within the Battle of the Somme, lasting until 3 September 1916. 1933 – In a decree called the Gleichschaltung, Adolf Hitler abolishes all German political parties except the Nazis. 1933 – Nazi eugenics programme begins with the proclamation of the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring requiring the compulsory sterilization of any citizen who suffers from alleged genetic disorders. 1942 – In the Wardha session of Congress, the "Quit India" resolution is approved, authorising Mahatma Gandhi to campaign for India's independence from Britain. 1943 – In Diamond, Missouri, the George Washington Carver National Monument becomes the first United States National Monument in honor of an African American. 1948 – Palmiro Togliatti, leader of the Italian Communist Party, is shot and wounded near the Italian Parliament. 1950 – Korean War: beginning of the Battle of Taejon. 1951 – Ferrari take their first Formula One grand prix victory at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone. 1957 – Rawya Ateya takes her seat in the National Assembly of Egypt, thereby becoming the first female parliamentarian in the Arab world. 1958 – In the 14 July Revolution in Iraq, the monarchy is overthrown by popular forces led by Abd al-Karim Qasim, who becomes the nation's new leader. 1960 – Jane Goodall arrives at the Gombe Stream Reserve in present-day Tanzania to begin her study of chimpanzees in the wild. 1960 – Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 1-11 ditches off Polillo Island in the Philippines, killing one person and injuring 44. 1965 – Mariner 4 flyby of Mars takes the first close-up photos of another planet. The photographs take approximately six hours to be transmitted back to Earth. 1983 – Mario Bros. is released in Japan, beginning the popular Super Mario Bros franchise. 2001 – Australian criminal Bradley John Murdoch murders British tourist Peter Falconio and abducts his girlfriend in the Northern Territory. 2001 – Rus Flight 9633 crashes during takeoff from Chkalovsky Airport, killing all 10 people on board. 2002 – French president Jacques Chirac escapes an assassination attempt from Maxime Brunerie during a Bastille Day parade at Champs-Élysées. 2013 – Dedication of the statue of Rachel Carson, a sculpture of the environmentalist, in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 2015 – NASA's New Horizons probe performs the first flyby of Pluto, and thus completes the initial survey of the Solar System. 2016 – A man ploughs a truck into a Bastille Day celebration in Nice, France, killing 86 people and injuring another 434 before being shot by police. 2019 – A GippsAero GA8 Airvan crashes in Umeå, Sweden, killing all nine aboard.

Births

Pre-1600 926 – Murakami, emperor of Japan (died 967)Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 295–298; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 183–190; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). 1410 – Arnold, Duke of Guelders, (died 1473) 1454 – Poliziano, Italian poet and scholar (died 1494) 1515 – Philip I, Duke of Pomerania (died 1560)

1601–1900 1602 – Cardinal Jules Mazarin, Italian-French cardinal and politician, chief minister of France from 5 December 1642 to 9 March 1661 (died 1661) 1608 – George Goring, Lord Goring, English general (died 1657) 1610 – Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (died 1670) 1634 – Pasquier Quesnel, French priest and theologian (died 1719) 1671 – Jacques d'Allonville, French astronomer and mathematician (died 1732) 1675 – Claude Alexandre de Bonneval, French general (died 1747) 1696 – William Oldys, English historian and author (died 1761) 1721 – John Douglas, Scottish bishop and scholar (died 1807) 1743 – Gavrila Derzhavin, Russian poet and politician (died 1816) 1755 – Michel de Beaupuy, French general (died 1796) 1785 – Mordecai Manuel Noah, American journalist, playwright, and diplomat (died 1851) 1801 – Johannes Peter Müller, German physiologist and anatomist (died 1858) 1816 – Arthur de Gobineau, French writer who founded Gobinism to promote development of racism (died 1882) 1825 – Georgiana Hill, English cookery book writer (died 1903) 1829 – Edward Benson, English archbishop (died 1896) 1859 – Willy Hess, German violinist and educator (died 1928) 1861 – Kate M. Gordon, American activist (died 1931) 1862 – Florence Bascom, American geologist and educator (died 1945) 1862 – Gustav Klimt, Austrian painter and illustrator (died 1918) 1865 – Arthur Capper, American journalist and politician, 20th Governor of Kansas (died 1951) 1866 – Juliette Wytsman, Belgian painter (died 1925) 1868 – Gertrude Bell, English archaeologist and political officer (died 1926) 1872 – Albert Marque, French sculptor and doll maker (died 1939) 1874 – Abbas II of Egypt (died 1944) 1874 – Crawford Vaughan, Australian politician, 27th Premier of South Australia (died 1947) 1878 – Donald Meek, Scottish-American stage and film actor (died 1946) 1885 – Sisavang Vong, Laotian king (died 1959) 1888 – Scipio Slataper, Italian author and critic (died 1915) 1889 – Marco de Gastyne, French painter and illustrator (died 1982) 1889 – Ante Pavelić, Croatian fascist dictator during World War II (died 1959) 1893 – Clarence J. Brown, American publisher and politician, 36th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (died 1965) 1893 – Garimella Satyanarayana, Indian poet and author (died 1952) 1894 – Dave Fleischer, American animator, director, and producer (died 1979) 1895 – F.R. Leavis, British literary critic (died 1978) 1896 – Buenaventura Durruti, Spanish soldier and anarchist (died 1936) 1897 – Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Thai military officer and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Thailand (died 1964) 1898 – Happy Chandler, American lawyer and politician, 49th Governor of Kentucky, second Commissioner of Baseball (died 1991)

1901–present 1901 – Gerald Finzi, English composer and academic (died 1956) 1903 – Irving Stone, American author and educator (died 1989) 1907 – Chico Landi, Brazilian racing driver (died 1989) 1910 – William Hanna, American animator, director, producer, and actor, co-founded Hanna-Barbera (died 2001) 1911 – Pavel Prudnikau, Belarusian poet and author (died 2000) 1912 – Northrop Frye, Canadian literary critic (died 1991) 1912 – Woody Guthrie, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 1967) 1913 – Gerald Ford, American commander, lawyer, and politician, 38th President of the United States (died 2006) 1918 – Fred Baur, American chemist and founder of Pringles (died 2008) 1918 – Ingmar Bergman, Swedish director, producer, and screenwriter (died 2007) 1918 – Arthur Laurents, American director, screenwriter, and playwright (died 2011) 1918 – Jay Wright Forrester, American computer engineer and systems scientist (died 2016) 1920 – Shankarrao Chavan, Indian lawyer and politician, Indian Minister of Finance (died 2004) 1921 – Sixto Durán Ballén, American-Ecuadorian architect and politician, 48th President of Ecuador (died 2016) 1921 – Leon Garfield, English author (died 1996) 1921 – Armand Gaudreault, Canadian ice hockey player (died 2013) 1921 – Geoffrey Wilkinson, English chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1996) 1922 – Robin Olds, American general and pilot (died 2007) 1922 – Elfriede Rinkel, German concentration camp guard at Ravensbruck (died 2018) 1922 – Käbi Laretei, Estonian-Swedish concert pianist (died 2014) 1923 – René Favaloro, Argentine surgeon and cardiologist (died 2000) 1923 – Dale Robertson, American actor (died 2013) 1923 – Robert Zildjian, American businessman, founded Sabian (died 2013) 1924 – Warren Giese, American football player, coach, and politician (died 2013) 1924 – Dorothy Stanley, American educator (died 1990) 1925 – Bruce L. Douglas, American politician (died 2025) 1926 – Wallace Jones, American basketball player and coach (died 2014) 1926 – Harry Dean Stanton, American actor, musician, and singer (died 2017) 1926 – Himayat Ali Shair, Urdu poet (died 2019) 1927 – John Chancellor, American journalist (died 1996) 1927 – Mike Esposito, American author and illustrator (died 2010) 1928 – Nancy Olson, American actress 1928 – William Rees-Mogg, English journalist and public servant (died 2012) 1929 – Jacqueline de Ribes, French fashion designer and philanthropist (died 2025) 1930 – Polly Bergen, American actress and singer (died 2014) 1930 – Benoît Sinzogan, Beninese military officer and politician (died 2021) 1932 – Del Reeves, American country singer-songwriter (died 2007) 1933 – Robert Bourassa, Canadian lawyer and politician, 22nd Premier of Quebec (died 1996) 1933 – Dumaagiin Sodnom, Mongolian politician; 13th Prime Minister of Mongolia 1934 – Lee Elder, American golfer (first African-American to play in the US Masters) (died 2021) 1934 – Lee Friedlander, American portrait, and 'social landscape' photographer, and album cover artist 1935 – Ei-ichi Negishi, Japanese chemist (palladium-catalyzed cross couplings) and Nobel Prize winner (died 2021) 1936 – Robert F. Overmyer, American colonel, pilot, and astronaut (died 1996)