Valeriya Ilyinichna Novodvorskaya (; 17 May 1950 – 12 July 2014) was a Russian and Soviet dissident,Moscow: the trial of Valeria Novodvorskaya, 16 March 1970, in the Chronicle of Current Events writer and liberal politician.Lukin, Alexander. The Political Culture of the Russian "Democrats". New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. . p. 260n. She was the founder and the chairwoman of the Democratic Union party and a member of the editorial board of The New Times.(also mentioned, Gleb Yakunin and Konstantin Borovoi) Arbatov, Alexei. Military Reform in Russia, International Security, Vol. 22, No. 4
Biography Novodvorskaya was born in 1950 in Baranavichy, Byelorussian SSR to a Jewish engineer, Ilya Borisovich (Boruchovich) Burshtyn, and a pediatrician, Nina Feodorovna Novodvorskaya, who came from a noble Russian family.Rachel Gedrich. Exclusive interview with Ilya Borisovich Burshtyn who talks about his legendary Lera for the first time. Krugozor magazine (Boston). 15 May 2015 (in Russian) Her parents divorced in 1967; Ilya Borisovich later emigrated to North America.
Novodvorskaya was active in the Soviet dissident movement since her youth, and first imprisoned by the Soviet authorities in 1969, when she was 19, for distributing leaflets that criticized the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. The leaflets included her poetry about the Soviet Communist Party: p. 55 in Russian edition () ... Thank you Party For all the falsehood and lies, For all the denunciations and informers, For the shots in Prague’s square, For all the lies you’ve yet to tell.
For the paradise of factories and of flats, All built on crimes in the torture Chambers of yesterday and today And for our broken and black world.
Thank you Party For our bitterness and despair, For our shameful silence, Thank you Party. ...
She was arrested and imprisoned at a Soviet psychiatric hospital and, like many other Soviet dissidents, diagnosed with "sluggish schizophrenia". In the early 1990s, psychiatrists of the Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia proved that the claim of her mental illness was false. She described her experience in her book Beyond Despair.
Based on the materials of the case, the Moscow prosecutor's office of the USSR compiled the following certificate (revealed only in 1999):Кузьменко О. Психиатрия как оружие советской власти // Русская планета
Novodvorskaya stood as a Democratic Union candidate in the 1993 Russian legislative election in a single-mandate district as part of the Russia's Choice bloc, and she also contested the 1995 Russian legislative election on the list of the Party of Economic Freedom. She was not elected in either election, and never held public office.
In 2009, Novodvorskaya published an autobiographical book, Farewell of Slavianka.
Views
Novodvorskaya self-identified primarily as a liberal politician and was described by her colleagues as "a critic of Russian realities in the best traditions of Pyotr Chaadayev, Vissarion Belinsky and Alexander Herzen".Anna Badkhen. DEMOCRACY ON THE BRINK: Dissent / Russia back on track to absolute rule / Democracy activists again out in the cold. San Francisco Chronicle, 10 March 2004Robert Coalson. Valeria Novodvorskaya: Russia's 'Don Quixote' Of Democracy, Human Rights at Radio Liberty, 3 June 2016Nikolai Svanidze, Vladimir Ryzhkov. In The Memory of Valeria Novodvorskaya. Echo of Moscow, 12 July 2014 (in Russian)
In the 1990s, she was strongly critical of the reintroduction of Soviet propaganda in RussiaГазета «Новый взгляд» N46 от 28 августа 1993г. . Democratic Union website and the First Chechen War. Her consistent criticism of Russia's past and present, of political and social life, as well as her extravagant lifestyle granted her titles such as "the eternal dissident" and "an idealist at the edge of madness".TOP-7 Honest Politicians of Russia by RBC Information Systems, 7 September 2011 (in Russian)
On 27 January 1995, the Office of the Prosecutor-General launched the Novodvorskaya Case in reaction to her interview given to Estonian journalists on 6 April 1994 where she stated that she "cannot imagine how can anyone love a Russian for his laziness, for his lying, for his poverty, for his spinelessness, for his slavery", as well as several publications in Novy Vzglyad and other periodicals.(archived). The Judicial Panel for Criminal Affairs of the Supreme Court of Russia at BusinessPravo.ru – a companies law internet archive, from 23 December 1996 (in Russian)The articles and interview by V. Novodvorskaya that appear in her criminal case at the Democratic Union official website (in Russian)Valeria Novodvorskaya (2009). Farewell of Slavianka. A Thriller. Moscow: Zakharov Books, 464 pages. According to the prosecution, she denigrated rights of Russians in Estonia and claimed that "manic depression" was the major trait of Russian people which defined all their national history.
All materials were checked for "propaganda of civil war", "of inferiority of people based on their ethnicity" and "incitement to hatred". Henri Reznik who defended her in court insisted that Novodvorkaya had only expressed her opinion "similarly to Pyotr Chaadayev, Nikolai Gogol, Alexander Pushkin and Vladimir Lenin".Alexei Gerasimov. Valeria Novodvorskaya's case article from Kommersant №73, 27 April 1996 (in Russian) The case lasted for two years and was closed in June 1997 for the "lack of crime".Alexei Gerasimov. Novodvorskaya case ended article from Kommersant №88, 11 July 1997 (in Russian) However Novy Vzglyad stopped publishing her articles, and its founder Yevgeny Dodolev later dedicated a critical book to Novodvorskaya and her case.
Aleksandr Dugin, Igor Shafarevich, Sergey Kara-Murza, Yevgeny Dodolev, Vladimir Bushin and a few others accused Novodvorskaya of expressing anti-Russian views and condemning Russian history while idealizing Western civilization and the United States.Igor Shafarevich (2005). Russophobia. Moscow: Eksmo, p. 232 Sergey Kara-Murza (2004). Soviet Civilization: From the Great Victory Till Our Days. – Moscow: Eksmo, p. 427 Yevgeny Dodolev (2019). The Case of Novodvorkaya. Baba Lera + Novy Vsglyad. – Moscow: Izdatelskie resheniya, p. 40—42, 138—147, 343 Vladimir Bushin (2017). Putin Against Stalin. Test for Patriotism. Moscow: Alisotrus Aleksandr Dugin. Death of a woman who suffered from the last stage of Russophobia article at the Odnako magazine, 14 Jule 2014 (in Russian)ed. by Tatiana Karadzhe (2012). Methodology of Modelling and Programming of Modern World // Totalitarian Democracy of Valeria Novodvorskaya. Moscow: Prometei, p. 239 Sergei Sokurov. An Ostracon for Every Novodvorskaya. Zavtra newspaper, 26 August 2013 (in Russian)Sergei Semanov (2006). Russia Without Russians. Moscow: Algorythm, p. 423
Novodvorskaya strongly opposed the Second Chechen War and Vladimir Putin's domestic and foreign policies.Валерия Новодворская на радио "Эхо Москвы" 29 августа 2008 г. , radio interview, 29 August 2008, on "Moscow Echo" (Ekho Moskvy)
According to Novodvorskaya, it was Russian governmental policies in Chechnya that turned Shamil Basayev into a terrorist. In response, Alexei Venediktov, the editor-in-chief of the liberal radio station Echo of Moscow, banned her from appearing on their programs.[Archived] at WebCite
Novodvorskaya accused the Russian government of murdering Polish president Lech Kaczyński in a plane crash on 10 April 2010 in Smolensk Oblast.
She supported Georgia in the Russo-Georgian War and Ukraine in the Russo-Ukrainian War.
Personal life Throughout her life, Novodvorskaya lived in a flat with her mother Nina Fyodorovna (Нина Федоровна Новодворская, 1928–2017), a pediatrician, and cat Stasik.Известная девственница снялась для Playboy, "Утро", 9 November 2005. In the summers, they rented a dacha in Kratovo. She was fond of swimming, science fiction, theater and cats.
In 1990, Novodvorskaya was baptized by the non-canonical Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church Reunited. She belonged to the church until her death while remaining highly critical of the KGB-controlled Russian Orthodox Church.Novodvorskaya's Interdict on Echo of Moscow, 4 October 2012 (in Russian) According to her priest Yakov Krotov, "she was more of a Christian than I ever was."Vladimir Oyvin. YAKOV KROTOV: Of all members of our parish Novodvorskaya was the most comfortable one . Credo.ru – Portal of religious news, 2014 (in Russian)
Death On 12 July 2014, Novodvorskaya died of toxic shock syndrome, which arose from a phlegmon of the left foot.
On the day of her memorial service, Mikhail Gorbachev sent a telegram to be read aloud, in which he described Novodvorskaya: "She was a unique personality in the democratic movement. Exceptionally fearless, resolute, and unwavering in defending her views, Valeria Ilyinichna consistently drew fire upon herself. The indomitable spirit of an idealistic fighter lived within her."
Awards Novodvorskaya received the Galina Starovoitova Award "for contribution to the defense of human rights and strengthening democracy in Russia". She said at the ceremony that "we are not in opposition to, but in confrontation with, the present regime".Anna Politkovskaya (2007) A Russian Diary: A Journalist's Final Account of Life, Corruption, and Death in Putin's Russia, Random House, , p. 38.
She was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas in 2008.
Quotes
Bibliography Novodvorskaya published several books that are supplemented with the publications from Novy Vzglyad newspaper: () Beyond Despair (Novosti, 1993) Карфаген обязан быть разрушен (The Carthage Must Be Destroyed) Валерия Новодворская. Над пропастью во лжи (The Catcher in the Lie) (both titles are puns on The Catcher in the Rye) Валерия Новодворская. Прощание славянки (Farewell of Slav) (Захаров, 2009 г) Валерия Новодворская. Поэты и цари (Poets and Kings) (Аct, Аct Москва, Харвест, 2009 г)
Documentary film On 13 April 2023, the documentary film The White Overcoat dedicated to Valeriya Novodvorskaya was released.
References
External links
Opinions on grani.ru
Novodvorskaya fund and Video Archive