Akhnaten is an opera in three acts based on the life and religious convictions of the Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV),The composer uses the spelling Akhnaten, while the more conventional spelling of the name is Akhenaten. Given the nature of Egyptian hieroglyphs, the absence of a vowel is not linguistically significant. In this article, the first version refers to the opera and the second to the pharaoh. written by the American composer Philip Glass in 1983. The libretto is by Philip Glass in association with Shalom Goldman, Robert Israel, Richard Riddell, and Jerome Robbins. According to the composer, this work is the culmination of a trilogy including his two other biographical operas, Einstein on the Beach (about Albert Einstein) and Satyagraha (about Mahatma Gandhi). These three people were all driven by an inner vision which altered the age in which they lived: Einstein in science, Gandhi in politics, and Akhnaten in religion.
The text, taken from original sources, is generally sung in the original languages, linked together with the commentary of a narrator in the language of the audience. Egyptian texts of the period are taken from a poem of Akhenaten himself, from the Book of the Dead, and from extracts of decrees and letters from the Amarna Period, the seventeen-year period of Akhenaten's rule. Other portions are in Akkadian and Biblical Hebrew. Akhnaten's Hymn to the Sun is sung in the language of the audience.
Performance history Akhnaten was commissioned by Württembergische Staatstheater, Stuttgart and had its world premiere on March 24, 1984, at the Stuttgart State Theatre, under the German title Echnaton. Paul Esswood sang the title role, German director Achim Freyer staged the opera in an abstract style with highly ritualistic movements. The American premiere, directed by David Freeman, was on October 12, 1984, at the Houston Grand Opera, where Glass's opera The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 also premiered. The UK premiere, based on the American production, was on June 17, 1985, by English National Opera at the London Coliseum.Akhnaten ENO programme (1985) and (1987) This production was revived at the London Coliseum in March 1987.
The award-winning Polish premiere, directed by Henryk Baranowski, was on May 20, 2000, at the Grand Theatre in Łódź. The French premiere was on September 23, 2002, at Opéra national du Rhin in Strasbourg as a co-production with Boston Lyric Opera which had premiered the production in February 2002 A new co-production by English National Opera and LA Opera and in collaboration with Improbable directed by Phelim McDermott starring Anthony Roth Costanzo and Zachary James premiered at the London Coliseum on March 4, 2016, which won a 2017 Olivier Award, and at LA Opera on November 5, 2016.Akhnaten ENO programme (2016) This production saw the addition of juggling choreography by Gandini Juggling. A revival of this production in London took place in March 2019 and played at the Metropolitan Opera in their 2019/2020 season, winning the 2022 Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording. The 2019 Met production was streamed online on June 20 and November 14, 2020, and February 12, 2021, and returned in 2022. A new production directed and choreographed by Nanine Linning premiered at Theater Heidelberg on June 6, 2014, another new production directed by Laura Scozzi premiered at Oper Bonn on March 11, 2018.
A November 2020 production at Opéra de Nice Côte d’Azur was performed without an audience and screened online, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This production was produced and choreographed by longtime Glass collaborator Lucinda Childs, who conducted rehearsals remotely. She also performed the speaking roles in the opera, which were pre-recorded and projected during the performance. The Opéra de Nice reprised their performance in October 2025 at the Philarmonie de Paris, again with Lucinda Childs as the narrator.
Roles RoleVoice typePremiere cast, Stuttgart, 24 March 1984ENO, London, June 1985CBS recording, 1987Akhnaten CBS recording (1987)Oakland Opera Theater, 2004ENO, London, March 2016, March 2019Akhnaten ENO Programme (2019)LA Opera, November 2016Theater Bonn, March 2018Metropolitan Opera, NY, November 2019Opéra de Nice Côte d'Azur, November 2020, October 2025LA Opera, March 2026Akhnaten countertenorPaul EsswoodChristopher Robson(as Stuttgart)Paul FlightAnthony Roth CostanzoAnthony Roth CostanzoAnthony Roth CostanzoFabrice di FalcoJohn HolidayNefertiti, Wife of Akhnaten contraltoMilagro VargasSally Burgess(as Stuttgart)Darla WiggintonEmma Carrington (2016)Katie Stevenson (2019)J'Nai BridgesSusanne BlattertJ'Nai BridgesJulie Robard-GendreSun-Ly PierceQueen Tye, Mother of Akhnaten sopranoMaria Husmann/Melinda LiebermannMarie AngelMelinda LiebermannAngela Dean-BahamRebecca BottoneStacey TappanMarie HeeschenDísella LárusdóttirPatrizia CiofiSo Young ParkHoremhab, General and future Pharaoh baritone/Christopher Booth-JonesMartin BellJames ClevertonKihun YoonGiorgos KanarisWill LivermanFrédéric CornilleHyungjin SonHigh Priest of Amon tenorHelmut HolzapfelGraeme Matheson-Bruce(as Stuttgart)Alan CochranColin JudsonFrederick BallentineJohannes MertesAaron BlakeFrédéric DiqueroYuntong HanAye, Father of Nefertiti and advisor to the Pharaoh bassKonrad Arlt/Cornelius HauptmannRichard AngasCornelius HauptmannJohn MinagroClive Bayley (2016)Keel Watson (2019)Patrick BlackwellMartin Tzonev/James HommanRichard BernsteinVincent Le TexierVinícius CostaDaughters of Akhnaten:BeketatenMeretatenMaketatenAnkhesenpaatenNeferneferuatenSotopenre 3 sopranos,3 contraltosVictoria SchniederLynna Wilhelm-KönigerMaria Koupilova-TichaChristina WächtlerGeraldine RoseAngelika SchwarzJanis KellyEthna RobinsonTamsin DivesRosemary AsheEileen HulseLinda Kitchen(as Stuttgart) Clare EggingtonAlexa MasonRosie LomasAnna HuntleyKatie BrayVictoria Gray (2016);Charlotte ShawHazel McBainRosie LomasLydia MarchioneElizabeth LynchMartha JonesAngharad Lyddon (2019)So Young ParkSummer HassanElizabeth ZharoffMichelle SiemensMichele HemmingsSharmay MusacchioVardeni DavidianBrigitte JungMartina KellermannMariane FreiburgJoelle FleuryRamune SliuauskieneLindsay OhseKaren-chia-ling HoChrystal E WilliamsAnnie RosenOlivia VoteSuzanne HendrixMathilde Le PetitRachel DuckettMathilde LemaireVasiliki KoltoukiLaeticia GoepfertAviva ManentiEmily DamascoJulia Maria JohnsonKatie TriggAbi LevisErin AlfordKristen ChoiAmenhotep, son of Hapu, scribespoken roleDavid Warrilow (as Stuttgart)Michael MohammedZachary JamesZachary JamesThomas DehlerZachary JamesLucinda ChildsZachary JamesHildegard Wensch/David WarrilowGeorge HarewoodDavid Warrilow Zachary JamesZachary James Zachary JamesLucinda ChildsZachary JamesYoung Tutankhamunnon-speaking role———— Joshua Simpson/Dylan Rhodes (2016);Ewan Hawkins/Tylan Hernandez (2019) Christian J. Conner— Two sisters ——— ——Rose Weissgerber/Sheva TehovalAva Gesell——— Small male chorus (priests), large opera chorus (the people of Egypt) Creative teamConductor Dennis Russell DaviesPaul Daniel(as Stuttgart)Deirdre McClureKaren KamensekMatthew AucoinStephan ZilliasKaren KamensekLéo Warynski Dalia StasevskaDirector Achim FreyerDavid Freeman—Ellen Sebastian ChangPhelim McDermottPhelim McDermottLaura ScozziPhelim McDermott—Phelim McDermottSet designer Ilona and Achim FreyerDavid Roger— Tom PyeTom PyeNatascha Le Guen de KerneizonTom Pye—Tom PyeLighting designer Hanns-Joachim HaasRichard Riddell —Bruno Poet; Gary James (2019)Bruno PoetFriedel GrassBruno Poet—Bruno PoetChoreographerSean GandiniSean GandiniSean Gandini—Sean Gandini
Music The orchestra's size is about the size employed for early 19th-century opera: 2 flutes (one doubling piccolo), 2 oboes (both doubling oboe d'amore), 2 clarinets, bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, 2 french horns, 2 trumpets, 2 trombones, tuba, percussion (3 players), celesta (doubling synthesizer), 12 violas, 8 celli, and 6 double basses.
Since the Stuttgart State Opera house was being restored in 1984 and the orchestra pit of the at the Stuttgart State Theatre, where the premiere was to take place, was considerably smaller, Glass chose to completely leave out the violins (about 20), giving the orchestra a darker, sombre character. Apart from this, this was Glass's most "conventional" opera orchestra until then (compared to Einstein on the Beach, written for the six-piece Philip Glass Ensemble, and Satyagraha, scored for woodwinds and strings only).
Synopsis The opera is divided into three acts:
Act 1: Year 1 of Akhnaten's Reign in Thebes Thebes, 1370 BC
Prelude, verse 1, verse 2, verse 3
Set in the key of A minor, the strings introduce a ground bass theme, with following variations (a passacaglia). The scribe recites funeral texts from the pyramids. "Open are the double doors of the horizon; unlocked are its bolts."
Scene 1: Funeral of Akhnaten's father Amenhotep III
Heralded by hammering drums, Aye and a small male chorus chant a funeral hymn in Egyptian, later joined by the full chorus. The music is essentially a march, based on the chords of A major and F minor (with added major sixth),or its equivalent chord, B major 9 and grows to ecstatic intensity towards the end.
Scene 2: The Coronation of Akhnaten
After a lengthy orchestral introduction, during which Akhnaten appears, heralded by a solo trumpet, the High Priest, Aye, and Horemhab sing a ritual text. After that, the Narrator recites a list of royal titles bestowed upon Akhnaten, while he is crowned. After the coronation, the chorus repeats the ritual text from the beginning of the scene. Again, the main key is A minor.
Scene 3: The Window of Appearances
After an introduction in A minor, dominated by tubular bells, Akhnaten sings a praise to the Creator (in Egyptian) at the window of public appearances. This is the first time he actually sings, after he has already been on stage for 20 minutes (and 40 minutes into the opera) and the effect of his countertenor voice (which in 1983 was even more rare than nowadays) is startling. He is joined by Queen Tye, whose soprano soars high above the soon intertwining voices of the royal couple, and later by Nefertiti, who actually sings lower notes than he.
Act 2: Years 5 to 15 in Thebes and Akhetaten Scene 1: The Temple
The scene opens again in A minor, with the High Priest and a group of priests singing a hymn to Amun, principal god of the old order, in his temple. The music becomes increasingly dramatic, as Akhnaten, together with Queen Tye and his followers, attack the temple. This scene has only wordless singing. The harmonies grow very chromatic, finally reaching A major and E minor. The temple roof is removed and the sun god Aten's rays invade the temple, thus ending Amun's reign and laying the foundation for the worship of the One God: the Sun God Aten.
Scene 2: Akhnaten and Nefertiti
Two solo celli introduce a "love theme". Accompanied by a solo trombone while the harmony switches to B(sus), the Narrator recites a prayer-like poem to the sun god. The strings softly take over the music in E minor, and the same poem is recited again, this time actually as a love poem from Akhnaten to Nefertiti. Then Akhnaten and Nefertiti sing the same text to each other (in Egyptian), as an intimate love duet. After a while, the trumpet associated with Akhnaten joins them as the highest voice, turning the duet into a trio.
Scene 3: The City – Dance
The Narrator speaks a text taken from the boundary stones of the new capital of the empire, Akhet-Aten (The Horizon of Aten), describing the construction of the city, with large, light-filled spaces. After a brass fanfare, the completion of the city is celebrated in a light-hearted dance, contrasting with the stark, ritualistic music with which this act began (in the Stuttgart premiere, the dance actually described the construction of the city). The dance scene was omitted from the UK premiere production and its 1987 revival.
Scene 4: Hymn