Tupi–Guarani (; Tupi-Guarani: ; ) is the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America. It consists of about fifty languages, including Guarani and Old Tupi. The most widely spoken in modern times by far is Guarani, which is one of the two official languages of Paraguay.

Classification Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní:

Tupí–Guaraní Guaraní (Group I) Guarayu (Group II): Guarayu, Pauserna**, Sirionó (dialects: Yuqui, Jorá**) Tupí (Group III): Old Tupi (lingua franca dialect: Tupí Austral), Tupinambá (dialects: Nheengatu, Língua Geral as lingua franca, Cocama–Omagua* Tenetehara (Group IV): Akwáwa (dialects: Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã), Avá-Canoeiro, Tapirapé, Tenetehára (dialects: Guajajara, Tembé), Turiwára Kawahíb (Group VI): Apiacá, Kawahíb (numerous varieties; e.g. Piripkúra, Diahói), Kayabí, Karipúna, ?Uru-Pa-In Kamayurá (Group VII) Xingu (Group VIIIa): Anambé (of Cairarí), Amanayé, Xingú Asuriní, Araweté, Aurá, Ararandewara Northern Tupi–Guaraní (Group VIIIb): Anambé of Ehrenreich, Emerillon, Guajá, Wayampi, Zo'é, Takunyapé, Urubú–Kaapor, Wayampipukú

*Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a mixed language, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.

**Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)

Sound changes from Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG) defining each of the eight Tupi-Guarani groups as listed by Rodrigues & Cabral (2002):Rodrigues, A. D.; Cabral, A. S. A. C. Revendo a classificação interna da família Tupí-Guaraní. In: CABRAL, A. S. A. C., RODRIGUES, A. D. (Orgs.). Línguas indígenas brasileiras: fonologia, gramática e história. Tomo I. Belém: UFPA/EDUFPA, p. 327-337, 2002.

{| class="wikitable" ! Group !! PTG final consonants !! PTG *tʃ !! PTG *pw !! PTG *pj !! PTG *j |- ! 1 | lost || *tʃ > tʃ, ts, s; *ts > h, zero || *pw > kw, k || *pj > tʃ, ʃ || |- ! 2 | lost || *tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s || *pw > kw, k || *pj preserved || |- ! 3 | preserved || *tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s || *pw preserved || *pj preserved || |- ! 4 | preserved (with some modifications) || *tʃ, *ts merged as h || *pw > kw || *pj > tʃ, ts || *j > tʃ, ts, s, z |- ! 5 | preserved || *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero || *pw > ɸ || *pj > s || *j > dʒ |- ! 6 | preserved || *tʃ, *ts merged as h || *pw > kw (Parintintín, Apiaká); *pw > ɣw, ɣ (Tupí-Kawahíb) || *pj preserved || *j preserved |- ! 7 | preserved || *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero || *pw > hw, h || *pj > ts || *j preserved |- ! 8 | partially lost || *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero || *pw > kw || *pj > s || *j preserved

Michael, et al. (2015) Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi–Guarani languages.

Tupí-Guaraní Kamaiurá (600 speakers) Nuclear Tupí-Guaraní Northern Guajá (280 speakers) Ka'ápor (800 speakers) Avá-Canoeiro (14 speakers) Central

Anambé, Araweté (Anambé 6 speakers, Araweté 280 speakers) Xingú Asurini (120 speakers)

Tocantins Asuriní, Parakanã (700–1,500 speakers) Tapirapé (560 speakers) Peripheral Wayampi, Emerillon (Wayampi 1,200 speakers, Emerillon 400 speakers) Kayabí, Parintintin (Kayabí 1,000 speakers, Kagwahiva 870 speakers) Diasporic Tembé (13,000 speakers)

Tupi Omagua, Kokama (Omagua 10 speakers, Cocama 250 speakers) Tupinambá (Nheengatu 19,000 speakers) Southern Sirionó, Yuki (500 speakers) Guarayu, Pauserna (Guarayu 5,900 speakers) Guaranian Aché (910 speakers) Mbyá Paraguay Guaraní (4.85 million speakers)

Xetá , Kaiowá, Ñandeva (Kaiwá 18,000 speakers, Ava Guarani 16,000 speakers) Tapiete, Chiriguano (Chiriguano 51,000 speakers)

O'Hagan et al. (2014,O'Hagan, Zachary (with Keith Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael). 2014. A Computational-phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní and its Geographical Spread . Language Variation and Change, October 20, Chicago. 2019) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower Tocantins and Xingu Rivers, just to the south of Marajó Island in eastern Pará State, Brazil. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the Amazon River, Proto-Tupinambá expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/Araguaia River towards the Paraná River basin.

Jolkesky (2016)

Below is an internal classification of Tupi-Guarani by Jolkesky (2016), which is largely based on Michael, et al. (2015):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas . Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.

( = extinct)

Tupí-Guaraní Kamayura: Kamayura Kaapor-Ava Ava-Canoeiro: Ava-Canoeiro Kaapor: Anambe ; Aura; Guaja; Takuñape ; Urubu-Kaapor Akwawa-Arawete Akwawa-Tapirape Akwawa: Asurini do Tocantins; Parakanã; Surui (Tupi-Guarani) Tapirape: Tapirape Arawete-Asurini Arawete: Amanaye ; Anambe; Ararandewara ; Arawete Asurini do Xingu: Asurini do Xingu Nuclear Tupi-Guarani Tenetehara: Guajajara; Tembe; Turiwara Kawahib-Kayabi Apiaka: Apiaka Juma: Juma Kayabi: Kayabi Kawahib: Amondawa; Karipuna (Tupi); Parintintin; Piripkura; Tukumanfed ; Uruewauwau; Wirafed Diasporic Tupi-Guarani Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono Guarayu: Guarayu; Pauserna Siriono: Siriono; Jora ; Yuki Guarani Ache: Ache Guarani: Guarani, Classical ; Chiriguano; Chiripa Central: Guarani Paraguaio Western: Guarani Boliviano; Tapiete Eastern: Kayowa; Mbya; Ñandeva; Pai Tavytera; Sheta Tupinamba-Kokama Kokama-Omagua: Kokama; Kokamilla; Omagua Tupi: Tupi ; Tupi Austral Tupinamba: Nhengatu; Tupinamba Wayampi: Emerillon; Wayampi; Zo'e

Ferraz and Reichert (2021) The following is an approximation of the results of a computational phylogenetic study of the Tupí-Guaraní languages by Ferraz and Reichert (2021).Ferraz Gerardi, F., & Reichert, S. (2020). CLDF dataset derived from Gerardi and Reichert's "The Tupí-Guaraní Language Family: A Phylogenetic Classification" from 2020 (v1.0.1) [Data set]. Zenodo.

Tupí-Guaraní Guajá–Tenetehara Guajá; Tembé, Guajajara Guaraní Warazu Xetá Guayaki; Tapiete, Chiriguano Guaraní; Kaiowá, Mbyá Guarayo; Sirionó, Yuki Tupi Tupinambá; Nheengatu, Ka'apor (Urubu-Kaapor) Northern Kamayura; Anambé, Araweté Avá–Wayampí? Avá-Canoeiro Wayampí Jarí; Emerillon, Wayampí Central Asurini Xingu Akwawa–Tapirapé Apiaká; Suruí; Tapirapé; Parakanã, Asurini Kawahib Kayabi Parintintin, Tenharim Amondava, Urueuwauwau

Loukotka (1968) Below is a list of Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.

Tupi (Abañeénga) dialects Tamoyo – once spoken from the Cabo de São Tomé to Angra dos Reis, state of Rio de Janeiro. (Unattested.) Ararape – once spoken on the Paraíba do Sul River in the state of Rio de Janeiro. (Unattested.) Temimino – once spoken on the coast of the state of Espirito Santo. (Unattested.) Tupiniquin / Margaya – once spoken on the coast from Espirito Santo as far as Camamu, state of Bahia. Tupinamba – formerly spoken on the coast from Camamu as far as the mouth of the São Francisco River, later on the coast in the state of Maranhão. Tupina – once spoken in the interior of the state of Bahia. (Unattested.) Caeté / Caité – once spoken on the coast from the mouth of the São Francisco River to the mouth of the Paraíba do Norte River. (Unattested.) Amoipira / Anaupira – once spoken in the interior of the state of Bahia, from Cabrobó to the mouth of the Grande River. (Unattested.) Abaete – once spoken in Bahia on the Abaeté River. (Unattested.) Maromomi – dialect spoken at the old mission of São Barnabé, Rio de Janeiro. (Unattested.) Potiguara / Petigare – dialect once spoken on the coast from the mouth of the Paraíba do Norte River to the mouth of the Parnaiba River, now spoken by a few families in the Baía da Traição, state of Paraíba. Viatan – once spoken in the interior of the states of Pernambuco, but the exact location not recorded. (Unattested.) Tobajara / Miarigois – once spoken in the interior of the state of Ceará on the Camocim River. (Unattested.) Cahicahi / Caicaze / Caicai – once spoken on the lower course of the Itapecurú River, state of Maranhão. (Unattested.) Jaguaribára – once spoken at the mouth of the Jaguaribare River, state of Ceará. (Unattested.) Tupinambarana – once spoken on the island of the same name on the Amazon River. (Unattested.) Nhengahiba / Ingahiva – once spoken in the southern part of Marajó Island, Pará. (Unattested.) Nheéngatu / Niangatú / Lingua Geral – a language spoken by the mixed population on both banks of the Amazon River and in the past century used in intertribal and commercial relations.

Guarani (Karani, Abañéem) dialects Chandri / Yarri – once spoken on the Martín García Island and in the Martín Chico region, Argentina, and on the coast near San Lázaro, Paraguay. (Unattested.) Topare – once spoken near San Gabriel, Uruguay. (Unattested.) Cariú / Carijó – once spoken in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from Porto Alegre to Antonina, state of Paraná and in the Serra do Mar. Arachane / Arechane – once spoken around the Lagoa dos Patos, Rio Grande do Sul. (Unattested.) Itatin – originally spoken south of the Apa River, Paraguay, now by a few families on the Brilhante River, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. (Unattested.) Bituruna – once spoken on the São Antonio River, Peixe River, and Chopim River in the state of Paraná, Brazil. (Unattested.) Tape – extinct dialect from the Serra Geral, state of Rio Grande do Sul (Unattested.) Apapocúva – originally spoken on the Dourados River and Amambaí River, state of Mato Grosso, later on the Itaparé River, state of São Paulo, now extinct. Tañyguá – originally spoken on the Dourados River, Mato Grosso, later on the Aguapeí River, state of São Paulo, now extinct. (Unattested.) Oguaíva – originally spoken in Mato Grosso, later on the Paranapanema River, state of São Paulo. (Unattested.) Kainguá / Painguá / Montese – language affined to Guaraní, spoken on the Jejuy River, Paraguay, and on the Aracaí River and Igatimí River, state of Paraná. Dialects are: Baticola – once spoken in the Serra Amambaí, state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.) Paiguasú – spoken on the Curupaiña River, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.) Avahuguai – spoken on the Dourados River, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.) Yvytyiguá – spoken in the Serra do Diabo, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.) Apiteré – spoken between the São Joaquim River and Amambaí River, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.) Tembecua – spoken by the neighbors of the Ivitiigúa (Yvytyigua) tribe. Chiripá – spoken on the Acaray River, Paraguay; and at the mouth of the Iguasú River, Argentina. Mbyhá / Jeguaká Tenondé / Bwihá / Caiua / Cahygua – spoken on the Monday River, Paraguay. Canoiero / Aba / Tiäbezä – spoken on both banks of the Tocantins River, in the central part of Bananal Island and at the mouth of the Crixás River and Peixe River, state of Goiás.

Guaranized languages Shetá / Aré / Yvaparé – once spoken in the interior of the state of Paraná on the Ivaí River, now extinct. Serra dos Dourados (tribe with unknown name) – in the Serra dos Dourados, state of Paraná. Guayaquí / Acé – spoken by a tribe in the Cordillera de Villa Rica, Paraguay. Notobotocudo / Pihtadyouai – language of an extinct tribe that lived at the sources of the Uruguai River and Iguasú River, state of Santa Catarina.

Kamayurá group Kamayurá / Camayura – spoken by a small tribe on the Ferro River in the Xingú basin, state of Mato Grosso. Awití / Auetö / Aweti – spoken in the same region on the Culiseú River, Mato Grosso. Arawiné – little known language from the 7 de setembro River, state of Mato Grosso.

Tapirapé group Tapirapé – spoken on the Tapirapé River and Naja River, Mato Grosso. Ampaneá – extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Tapirapé River, state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)

Northern group Tenetehara – language with two dialects: